COLLOIDAL SILVER(AgNPs@AV)
Deep Dive Into the World of Nanotherapeutics!
Join us in exploring the latest nanoparticle science and the production of sovereign nanotherapeutics. We uncover the basics of colloidal silver, its uses, and why it’s effective, with a deep dive into producing safe, bioavailable formulations.
Topics
Colloidal silver is a natural, antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antibiotic. [1][2][3][4][5] Stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are uniquely efficacious against a wide range of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, by disrupting microbial membranes and proteins. [6][7][8] They are also active against viruses and fungi, including Candida species. [9][4][10] Aloe-encapsulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@AV) enhance bioavailability and reduce toxicity, providing a robust therapeutic safety profile. [11][12][13][14][15][16]
Colloidal silver is a virtually tasteless liquid that can be applied topically, nebulized, or taken internally. [3][17][18][19] It is soothing on burns and scrapes and fast-acting for respiratory, sinus, eye, skin and other infections. [18][20]
Colloidal silver exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. [7][21][5] Its effectiveness spans Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). [22][23][8] Studies confirm its activity against influenza, HSV, and HIV, as well as fungal pathogens, particularly Candida species. [24][25][4][10] AgNPs also efficiently disrupt biofilms, a significant factor in chronic infections. [26][27][28] [29]
AgNPs accelerate wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and reducing infection, with roles in stimulating angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). [31][32][33][34] They are used for cuts, scrapes, and burns, and have been investigated for adjunctive management of skin conditions such as acne, psoriasis, and eczema. [35][18][20][34] Silver nanoparticles not only kill unwanted skin bacteria but also reduce inflammation, offering a gentle alternative to harsh chemical treatments. [21][5][36]
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown the ability to influence stem cell behavior, promoting differentiation and activity that aids in regenerating damaged tissues like skin and muscle. Studies indicate AgNPs can enhance the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells, facilitating tissue repair. [37][38][33]
Additionally, their nanoscale properties support cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, critical for effective tissue regeneration. [39][33] Recent research highlights AgNPs’ ability to aid regeneration of specific tissues, such as corneal limbal stem cells, offering promising applications in restoring vision for corneal injuries. [40] Another study explores induced dedifferentiation, where silver facilitates reprogramming mature cells into a more primitive state, potentially paving the way for novel regenerative therapies. [38][33]
Colloidal silver is an effective adjunct to antibiotics and, in select cases, shows standalone antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. [41][42][27][8] Silver nanoparticles frequently enhance the efficacy of conventional antibiotics against MDR bacteria via synergistic effects (e.g., increased membrane permeability, ROS mediated stress, and multitarget interactions). [43][8][36]
AgNPs also disrupt biofilms—a major barrier in chronic MDR infections—by penetrating the EPS matrix, interfering with quorum sensing, and compromising biofilm architecture, thereby improving antibiotic access. [26][27][28] Given the accelerating AMR crisis, integrating validated silver based strategies alongside stewardship is increasingly important. [22][44][8]
Colloidal silver is a modern remedy with untapped potential for relief of various health issues. [44][45][5] It is recognized for antimicrobial [7][46][5], anti-inflammatory [21], and regenerative properties [20][34], while maintaining a safety profile when used appropriately. [47]
In this section, we will explore what colloidal silver is, how it works, the scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness, its safety considerations, and address some common misconceptions surrounding its use.
Colloidal silver is a nanotechnology-based therapeutic comprised of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial [7][46][5], anti-inflammatory [21], and tissue-regenerative properties. [20][34] These nanoparticles release silver ions that interact with microbial cell envelopes and enzyme systems, disrupting metabolic processes and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). [7][36][5] AgNPs also suppress inflammatory responses by modulating cytokine signaling, aiding in the reduction of swelling and pain. [21][5]
Beyond antimicrobial actions, AgNPs support tissue regeneration by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). This dual capacity to inhibit infection while accelerating tissue repair makes colloidal silver a therapeutic for wound healing and broader regenerative applications. [18][20][48][34]
Encapsulation strategies—such as aloe vera stabilized AgNPs—can improve stability and biocompatibility and may enhance delivery while minimizing risk. [49][12][50][51] Aloe vera phytochemicals can form a protective layer around silver nanoparticles, preventing aggregation and supporting cellular compatibility. [52][53][12][54]
Colloidal silver has a gentle profile, and its effectiveness is established. [55][5] Modern production techniques and scientific knowledge have enhanced its therapeutic potential, increasing potency while minimizing toxicity. Plant encapsulated colloidal silver represents a breakthrough, with protective layers ensuring targeted delivery, extended bioavailability, and reduced side effects. [49][12][50][11][51] Renewed interest and rigorous research highlight silver’s efficacy as a next generation therapeutic. [8]
Colloidal silver is a dispersion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial properties and a favorable safety profile when appropriately formulated and used as directed. [7][47][5] Properly produced colloidal silver demonstrates activity against many bacterial strains, including multidrugresistant pathogens. [7][6][42][8] Its ability to disrupt bacterial structures while maintaining mammalian cell compatibility supports its use when conventional options are limited. [7][56][36]
The efficacy of AgNPs is substantiated through in vivo studies and realworld applications. [56][34] Historically, silver treatments have been used to aid healing in infections and wounds. [58] In modern medicine, silver treatments like silver sulfadiazine are standard in burn care to help prevent infections. [59] Silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into wound dressings and medical devices, leveraging antimicrobial properties while maintaining biocompatibility. [60][34] Studies highlight silver’s antimicrobial efficacy in complex wound environments, showcasing versatility in advanced applications. [19][34] Silver’s antimicrobial properties also make it useful for water purification, including portable filtration systems used in military and emergency settings. [61]
Critical nanoparticle characteristics such as particle size uniformity, stability, surface area, encapsulation quality, and the use of stabilizing agents play a vital role in determining safety and effectiveness. [62][7][13] Properly characterized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit selective antimicrobial action with favorable cytocompatibility, enhancing their therapeutic potential. [62][31][63][54] Encapsulation, reduction, and stabilization improve bioavailability and minimize cytotoxicity, making them safer and more effective for medical applications. [49][50][64][12][51]
Good Electricity employs a novel production process utilizing gentle largeplate electrolysis and insitu particle processing. This technique simultaneously reduces, stabilizes, and encapsulates silver nanoparticles within aloe vera particles, creating bioavailable AgNPs@AV. Aloe vera’s phytochemicals form a natural encapsulation barrier that enhances stability, prevents aggregation, and supports biocompatibility. [65][49][50][66][51] This method forms a natural barrier, ensuring silver interacts with the body from the biocompatible platform of aloe vera cells. [67][13]
This approach aligns with green synthesis studies that highlight the importance of plantbased reducing agents like aloe vera in creating stable formulations. For example, Box–Behnken optimization and the use of Moringa oleifera leaf extract demonstrate how phytochemicalrich sources ensure uniform particle size and biocompatibility, reinforcing their therapeutic potential. [68][69][66][70] These methods not only enhance stability but also reduce cytotoxicity, supporting the development of nextgeneration nanotherapeutics. [64][71][72][73]
Silver in various forms has long been used in acute care settings because of its antimicrobial properties. It remains important in managing infection risk in burn units, emergency rooms, and surgical contexts. [60][59][20][58][34] Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into advanced wound dressings and medical devices to reduce contamination and support healing. [60][20][34] Silver also plays a role in water purification systems for military and disaster relief scenarios. [61]
Colloidal silver is also used in proactive selfcare contexts. Its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are relevant for postinjury care (burns, cuts, and surgical wounds), where topical applications are best supported by evidence. [7][21][18][5] Research further highlights AgNPs’ ability to inhibit biofilms, a key barrier in chronic infections. [7][27]
Colloidal silver is used in cutting-edge medical applications:
Wound Healing: AgNPs support tissue repair (collagen synthesis,
angiogenesis) while preventing bacterial colonization and reducing
bioburden. [18][20][32][34]
Chronic Infections: Activity against antibioticresistant bacteria (including MRSA) and antibiofilm effects make AgNPs valuable adjuncts in persistent infections. [23][42][8][27]
Respiratory Health: Some users nebulize colloidal silver for
respiratory complaints; however, human evidence is limited and safety
requires clinical oversight. [67][47][7]
Skin Care: Topical application can soothe irritation and support
healing in dermatologic contexts (e.g., minor wounds; adjunctive care
for eczema/psoriasis). [35][18][34]
Good Electricity emerged from over five years of research into nanoparticle therapeutics, focused on creating safe, effective, and bioavailable formulations. This journey involved studying hundreds of foundational and modern research papers that revealed both the potential and challenges of colloidal silver. Over the last decade, advancements in nanoparticle synthesis and encapsulation have transformed therapeutic applications, inspiring our approach [11a][56].
Through this research, it became clear that not all colloidal silver products are created equal. While high-quality silver nanoparticles demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties with safety at medical doses, improperly produced or ionic silver solutions can carry risks [47][19a]. The importance of proper production methods is reinforced [7].
Good Electricity’s innovation lies in combining modern advancements with traditional principles, identifying that controlled reduction, stabilization, and encapsulation are key to producing nanoparticles that are effective and biocompatible. This led to the discovery of aloe vera as an ideal partner in nanoparticle formulation. Unlike other plantbased agents, aloe vera’s chemistry can reduce, stabilize, and encapsulate silver nanoparticles efficiently, including at lower temperatures. [68][69][64][65][73][70] These conditions support a smoother process that can minimize energy use. Aloe vera also offers therapeutic appeal, being a wellrecognized ingredient that aligns with expectations for natural therapeutics. [54][51]
This endeavor represents more than product development—it reflects a commitment to advancing nanotherapeutics while navigating the space of “colloidal silver.” We aim to create scientifically sound formulations and share evidencebased insights to help individuals make informed decisions. Good Electricity is dedicated to innovation, safety, and transparency, empowering consumers in this evolving field.
Nanoscale products are defined by manufacturing practices involving materials with at least one physical dimension measuring less than 100 nanometers. [75][74] Materials exhibit remarkable properties at this scale, as they operate under physical laws that can differ from those governing largerscale materials. [74] Variables such as size, shape, charge, density, and dispersion/proximity significantly influence these properties. [76][62][66]
For example, smaller particles of the same material are more reactive due to their increased surface area-to-volume ratio. This manifests differently across applications: in semiconductors, it can result in lower power requirements for electrical conduction, while in biochemistry, it can allow reduced dosages of active ingredients to achieve comparable therapeutic effects—minimizing toxicity while maintaining potency. [62][7][74]
Nanosized structures in butterfly wings enable hydrophobicity and structural coloration (color scattering). [77]
Nature’s “superpowers,” like the strength of spider silk, the iridescence of butterfly wings, or the grip of lizard feet, inspire advances in materials and therapeutics, enabling biomimetic solutions at the nanoscale. [78][77][79][75]
Research and production at the nano level drive modern innovation, influencing fields such as computing, printing, communication, display technologies, and generative healthcare. [7][22][74] This intersection of biomimicry and nanotechnology is paving the way for solutions that blend efficiency, sustainability, and effectiveness. [20][66]
At the nanoscale, materials can achieve enhanced bioavailability and targeted action, but these qualities require careful control to ensure safety. This balance is supported by advanced particle characterization and encapsulation methods. For example, aloeencapsulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@AV) leverage plantbased barriers to stabilize particles, reduce toxicity, and limit offtarget interactions, creating a biocompatible therapeutic platform. [80][49][12][81][13] Nanoparticles can reach therapeutic effects with smaller doses than bulk materials, helping minimize systemic toxicity when appropriately designed. [62][74] However, safety and efficacy hinge on precise control of physical properties such as particle size, charge, shape, and aggregation behavior. Proper characterization ensures that nanoparticles function as intended while mitigating potential risks. [82][62][5]
Colloidal silver exemplifies how nanoscale properties influence outcomes: ultrathin particles with defined characteristics, when properly harnessed, deliver enhanced stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic action. [7][36][50][74]
The size of nanoparticles and their distribution within a solution are critical factors in determining therapeutic potential. [62][66][74] Uniformly small particles are important for predictable bioavailability and effectiveness; in general, smaller particles cross biological barriers more readily, improving targeting and delivery. [83][62][74]
Therapeutic success also relies on the uniformity of particle sizes: even small particles can lose stability if size spreads are inconsistent, increasing the risk of amalgamation and performance loss. [84][82][85]
Distribution is often summarized as the polydispersity index (PDI), which reflects the uniformity of sizes in a sample. A low PDI indicates a narrow size range, supporting consistent performance and reducing aggregation or sedimentation risk. [86][82][85] Careful control of size and distribution not only improves efficacy but also distinguishes highquality colloidal silver from less refined alternatives. [62][66][85]
Surface Area
One of the remarkable characteristics of nanoparticles is their surface area. Subdividing a material into smaller particles greatly increases surface area while maintaining the same overall volume. For colloidal silver, smaller particles translate to higher reactivity and catalytic activity, making the solution more potent while using less material. [87][62][7][36]
This property underpins both effectiveness and safety. Higher surface area allows more interaction with the surrounding environment, amplifying catalytic activity and enabling superior therapeutic performance. [87][88][36]
As the surfaceareatovolume ratio increases, a greater fraction of the substance can interact with its surroundings, supporting better catalytic action. This dose efficiency reduces the quantity of silver required for therapeutic effects, which can help minimize toxicity and strengthen the safety profile of colloidal silver. [87][88][89][62][74]
In practical applications, particle size largely determines biological accessibility, whereas surface area governs efficiency. Both are critical for safety and effectiveness in therapeutic contexts. [62][66][74]
Zeta potential measures the net electric charge at the interface between nanoparticles and the surrounding medium, and it is a key predictor of colloidal stability and interactions. [87][62][90] Higher absolute zeta potential values indicate stronger electrostatic repulsion, which helps prevent aggregation and supports uniform dispersion—preserving nanoscale functionality in solution. [88][62][90]
Closely related is surface charge density—the concentration of electric charge on the particle surface. While zeta potential reflects the net effect of surface charges within a given medium, surface charge density quantifies the charges themselves. Elevated surface charge density can increase interfacial reactivity and promote interactions with microbial membranes or other targets. [89][7][36]
In practice, controlling zeta potential and surface charge density is essential for optimizing AgNP formulations: appropriate capping/encapsulation tunes interparticle forces, improves stability, and can lower cytotoxicity while maintaining efficacy. [91][62][49][12][90]
Nanoencapsulation creates protective barriers at the molecular level—using lipid layers or plant based coatings—that surround individual nanoparticles. These barriers stabilize particles, prevent aggregation, and enhance bioavailability by facilitating effective interactions with biological systems. [92][49][50][12][13]
Achieving high quality encapsulation requires meticulous production techniques. Precise control over temperature, the encapsulant’s access to silver nanoparticles, the encapsulant-to-particle ratio, timing, light exposure, and other environmental conditions supports uniform particle size and consistent encapsulation quality. [93][69][66][68][13]
Plant based synthesis uses natural extracts as reducing and capping agents, enabling silver nanoparticles with controlled sizes and shapes. The precision and quality of encapsulation are critical to nanotherapeutic safety and efficacy: proper encapsulation helps maintain desired properties and functionality in biological environments. [65][12][70][73]
The shape and morphology of nanoparticles significantly influence their behavior and effectiveness in therapeutic applications. While spherical particles are most common, alternative shapes—such as rods, cubes, or stars—can exhibit distinct functional properties. For example, elongated shapes may enhance cellular uptake or increase targeted interactions with pathogens due to larger surfacecontact area. [94][62][7][66]
In colloidal silver, consistent morphology is as crucial as uniform size distribution. Irregular shapes or inconsistencies in morphology can affect reactivity, bioavailability, and even safety, leading to unpredictable outcomes. Achieving uniform shape and morphology requires tight control of synthesis parameters (temperature, precursor concentration, reaction time). When done effectively, these methods yield nanoparticles with desired structural integrity and optimized therapeutic potential. [95][66][62][70]
Aggregation is a critical factor affecting the stability and performance of colloidal silver. When nanoparticles cluster, their effective surface area decreases, diminishing therapeutic potential and increasing the risk of sedimentation. Aggregation also impacts bioavailability, as clumped particles interact less effectively with biological targets. Factors influencing aggregation include particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation quality, and environmental conditions such as pH and ionic strength. [62][87][91][49][85]
Preventing aggregation is essential for maintaining integrity and effectiveness. Stabilizing agents, high quality encapsulation techniques, and precise control of production parameters help minimize this risk. High quality colloidal silver solutions are characterized by resistance to aggregation, supporting long term stability and consistent performance. Proper monitoring and management of colloidal stability are key to delivering reliable nanoparticle formulations. [50][49][12][85]
Nanoparticles interact with light in ways that differ from bulk materials. For colloidal silver, the characteristic color arises from localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)—collective electron oscillation at specific wavelengths—whose position depends on particle size, shape, and dispersion. [17][96]
These optical properties are practical quality indicators: color or spectral shifts can signal aggregation, size changes, or colloid degradation. For example, a welldispersed colloidal silver at ~30 ppm typically appears yellow, consistent with nanoscale LSPR behavior. [97][96] Beyond color, manufacturers monitor the LSPR peak (UV–Vis) and its width to track stability and uniformity during production. [17][66][96]
Aloe-encapsulated colloidal silver is made through a controlled, bio-mimetic process. Large-plate electrolysis generates silver nuclei while aloe’s “nano-factory” chemistry reduces, stabilizes, and encapsulates them in situ. [65][49][50][66][51] From the outset we tune particle size/distribution, surface chemistry, and zeta potential while preserving purity and minimizing inputs. [62][87][91][90]
Precision and reproducibility drive the workflow: current density, conductivity, temperature, flow, and residence time are tightly held; aloe composition and addition rate are standardized; and contact time is set to complete reduction without inviting aggregation. [69][93][66][98] In-process checks—conductivity, pH, optical profile/SPR, turbidity—guide real-time adjustments, with full batch records for traceability. [62][99][96][90] Post-formation conditioning and gentle filtration help lock in stability before final verification (including external sizing/zeta when appropriate). [62][82][100][90]
The method follows green-chemistry principles—water-based media, benign reagents, minimal waste, and inert contact materials—so particles are cleanly formed and consistently wrapped by aloe polysaccharides. [66][81][49][50][101] This steric/electrostatic shielding supports long-term dispersion stability and lowers free-ion carryover compared with simple ionic solutions. [49][50][12][13]
Large plate electrolysis is uncommon in colloidal silver manufacturing. Broadarea electrodes allow operation at low voltage while holding a target current density, releasing silver gently and steadily rather than in spikes. In electrochemical AgNP synthesis, controlling current density directly steers nucleation/growth and final particle size/dispersion. [102][103][101][98] With continuous recirculation and calibrated mixing, fresh electrolyte sweeps the plates, thinning boundary layers and keeping concentrations uniform—conditions that favor clean nucleation and narrower size distributions, with a stable optical/SPR profile during the run. [104][96][98] We also employ scheduled pole reversal (periodic anode/cathode swapping). Polarity switching is widely used to disrupt passivation layers and blunt dendritic highfield tips, yielding more uniform electrode surfaces and suppressing early aggregation. [105][106][107][108] Electrode spacing, surface preparation, and softstart ramps further minimize edge effects and hotspots. These electrochemical controls are coordinated with thermal tuning—but not used to force the reaction—to lock in uniform fields and mass transport. [109][90][104]
Green chemistry here isn’t just about a lighter footprint—it makes a better colloid. We work in wateronly media with low voltage and modest temperatures, relying on aloe as reducer, stabilizer, and encapsulant. Avoiding harsh reducers/surfactants (e.g., borohydride, ammonia, citrate) leaves cleaner particle surfaces with fewer residues to remove. Electrochemical silver generation also avoids saltderived counterions, simplifying postconditioning and preserving small, wellformed particles. [66][81][49][50][101]
These choices improve performance: gentler kinetics and steady release favor uniform nucleation, yielding tighter size distributions and a consistent optical/SPR profile. Aloe’s polysaccharide capping provides steric and electrostatic stabilization that supports favorable zeta potential, lower aggregation, and reduced freeion carryover versus simple ionic solutions. [104][99][49][91][12]
Process hygiene follows the same logic: inert contact materials, closed handling, and minimal reagent load reduce what must be removed later and limit sources of variability. The natureinspired route enhances purity, stability, and uniformity at the source—before any polishing steps are needed. [62][82][66][70]
Aloe vera is our multifunctional, nature derived encapsulant. Its polysaccharides (notably acemannan), proteins, phenolics, vitamins, and enzymes reduce Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ as particles form, then adsorb to nascent surfaces to create a cohesive corona. [110][111][112][50][54][51] Paired with gentle, large plate electrolysis, this means nuclei are capped in situ rather than stabilized after the fact, helping fix size early and promoting a favorable zeta potential and long term dispersion stability. [65][49][91][104][13]
Choosing aloe over harsh reducers or synthetic surfactants also improves the colloid itself. Clean, plant based capping leaves fewer residuals on particle surfaces, lowers freeion carryover, and reduces the tendency for ripening or aggregation. [66][49][50][12][54] The result is a biocompatible, uniform dispersion with a consistent optical profile and predictable behavior over time performance advantages that stem from surface chemistry, not extra additives. [50][99][62][13]
Effective colloidal silver depends on coordinating three steps—reduction, stabilization, and encapsulation. We use aloe vera as the stabilizing/encapsulating agent to curb uncontrolled growth and early aggregation, shaping consistent particles from the moment they form. [49][50][51][13] Managing these steps together governs growth rate and particle size, supporting solubility and bioavailability. [62][66][54]
Ostwald ripening—where smaller particles give way to larger ones over time—reduces solubility and biological availability. Encapsulating AgNPs within aloe’s biopolymers helps resist that drift, yielding an effective yet gentle product. [49][50][13][54] In line with published findings, well encapsulated AgNPs show reduced toxicity relative to unencapsulated or ionic forms. [12][13][51]
You’ll also notice a recognizable optical profile: an amber hue typical of true colloidal AgNPs, distinct from the clear appearance often associated with ionic solutions. That color reflects particle formation rather than free ions in water. [99][113][96]
The heart of production is converting Ag⁺ to Ag⁰. In our process, aloedriven and lightassisted reduction provide gentle kinetics that help steer size and shape from the outset. Green synthesis leverages plant phytochemicals to accomplish reduction, and tight control at this stage sets the foundation for physical, chemical, and biological properties. [110][111][112][66][73]
Immediately after nucleation, aloe adsorbs to nascent particle surfaces to prevent agglomeration, preserving small size and high surface area—key to colloidal performance. Stabilization can be achieved with plant extracts or other biological entities rich in stabilizing phytochemicals, and it is essential for longterm suspension integrity. [49][50][62][54][51]
Aloe vera functions as a natural nano factory in our process, providing the three essentials for green AgNP synthesis—reduction, stabilization, and encapsulation—while coupling cleanly with electrolysis driven nucleation. This pairing promotes rapid nucleation with insitu capping, helping control size, charge, and dispersion for bioavailable, low toxicity AgNPs. [65][66][81][50][49]
Process control (temperature, reagent access, ratios, light, and timing) remains critical for uniform size and consistent encapsulation quality in production. [93][69][54][51]
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive analytical technique used to identify and quantify the elemental composition of samples, including metals and select nonmetals with atomic masses from 7-250. Samples are analyzed with a Thermo X-Series II ICP-MS equipped with Collision Cell Technology for advanced interference removal
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive analytical technique used to identify and quantify the elemental composition of samples, including metals and select nonmetals with atomic masses from 7-250. Samples are analyzed with a Thermo X-Series II ICP-MS equipped with Collision Cell Technology for advanced interference removal.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is a technique that uses an electron beam to image a nanoparticle sample, providing much higher resolution than is possible with light-based imaging techniques. TEM is the preferred method to directly measure nanoparticle size, grain size, size distribution, and morphology.
A JEOL 1010 transmission electron microscope is used at an accelerating voltage of 100 keV and an AMT XR41-B 4-megapixel (2048) bottom mount CCD camera. The camera’s finite-conjugate optical coupler provides high resolution and flat focus with less than 0.1% distortion for magnifications as high as 150,000x.
Zeta potential is a measure of the effective electric charge on the nanoparticle surface. The magnitude of the zeta potential provides information about particle stability, with particles with higher magnitude zeta potentials exhibiting increased stability due to a larger electrostatic repulsion between particles.
Zeta potential testing is performed using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument equipped with a HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm and a scattering detector at 173 degrees.
For centuries, silver has been part of healing practices. Its significance extends beyond preserving food and water [22B]. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) recognized silver’s antiseptic properties for cleaning wounds and preventing infection [21].
This knowledge influenced medical practices in the Middle East and beyond. The Greeks and Romans used silver to treat conditions from skin issues to eye infections . In Ayurvedic medicine, silver was employed for its antiseptic properties to address various health concerns. [14]
In ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), silver was prized for purifying water and healing wounds [#]. The Babylonians and Assyrians used silver to treat ailments from skin conditions to eye infections. Similarly, in ancient Egypt, silver was used for its antiseptic properties.
The medicinal use of silver continued throughout history. During the Napoleonic Wars, Alexander I of Russia equipped his army with silver-lined casks for water sanitation, a practice that persisted through both World Wars. In the late 19th century, silver’s antibacterial properties were scientifically validated, leading to its application in newborn care and surgical practices.
During World War I, the British government developed technologies for purifying water using colloidal silver [15]. This innovation improved public health and laid the groundwork for research into silver’s antimicrobial properties.
In the mid-20th century, scientists studied silver’s antimicrobial effects in detail. Discoveries around inhibition of bacteria, viruses, and fungi sparked interest in its potential as an antibacterial agent [16]. This led to modern colloidal silver products.
The 20th century saw further advancements. Medical researcher Henry Crookes identified silver’s germicidal properties in colloidal form, and by the 1940s, silver was a primary antibiotic. Research in the 1980s demonstrated its efficacy against over 650 pathogens, solidifying its place in modern medicine.
The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has made treating certain infections difficult. Researchers are turning to natural antimicrobial agents like silver as an alternative or complementary option [17]. Colloidal silver’s ability to target multiple pathogens makes it a valuable addition to healthcare regimens.
Colloidal silver has been shown to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics by reducing bacterial resistance and promoting wound healing [18]. By combining silver with traditional antibiotic therapies, doctors can create more effective treatment plans that reduce the risk of resistant bacteria emerging.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in medicinal silver. As concerns about antibiotic resistance grow, researchers are exploring new ways to harness the antimicrobial properties of silver for human health [19]. Our company is at the forefront of this movement, developing innovative products that leverage the power of colloidal silver.
As we look to the future, silver will continue to play a role in gentle health care solutions. With its antimicrobial properties and ability to enhance antibiotic efficacy, colloidal silver is poised to become a tool in the fight against infectious diseases [20]. At our company, we’re committed to advancing this technology and making it accessible to people around the world.
From the hum of electrons in the atom to the crackling energy of lightning, life is fundamentally electric. Our planet’s dynamic systems—geological shifts, atmospheric phenomena, and tides—are driven by energy exchanges. This electric essence forms the foundation of nature’s interconnected systems.
Our existence mirrors the electric dance of the universe. At every scale, from ionic channels in cells to bioelectric pulses in nerves, electricity orchestrates life. The heart beats with a bioelectric charge, muscles contract with ionic flows, and the brain processes thoughts through electrical impulses. We are electric beings, powered by the energy of life itself.
Silver stands out as one of Earth’s remarkable elements. Its unparalleled conductivity, reflective brilliance, and ability to interact at the nanoscale make it a material of potential. Silver has been a trusted ally in humanity’s journey, supporting health, innovation, and progress for millennia. Its synergy with life speaks to its versatility.
In a time of rising health and sustainability challenges, silver is reemerging as a solution. Relied upon for its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties, silver’s resurgence underscores its potency as a natural option. As we seek alternatives to synthetic interventions, silver’s benefits are relevant for a healthier future.
Good Electricity Colloidal Silver is stabilized and encapsulated in aloe vera, making a superior next generation bioavailable solution for every day uses
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[9] Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1
Entry-stage inhibition via gp120 binding; blocks CD4-dependent attachment/fusion across strains.
Lara HH; Ayala-Núñez NV; Ixtepan-Turrent L; Rodríguez-Padilla C. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2010.0;8(8):1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-8-1
[10] Silver Nanoantibiotics Display Strong Antifungal Activity Against the Emergent Multidrug-Resistant Yeast Candida auris Under Both Planktonic and Biofilm Growing Conditions
Reports potent anti–C. auris activity of AgNPs in planktonic and biofilm states; highlights relevance to MDR clinical threat.
Vazquez-Munoz R; Meza-Villezcas A; Fournier PGJ; Soria-Castro R; Juarez-Moreno K; Gallego-Hernandez AL; Bogdanchikova N. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020.0;11(11):1673.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01673
[11] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera plant extract prepared by a hydrothermal method and their synergistic antibacterial activity
Aloe vera–mediated AgNPs via hydrothermal route; demonstrates antibacterial activity and synergy; includes basic cytotoxicity screen with human PBMCs.
Tippayawat P; Phromviyo N; Boueroy P; Chompoosor A. PeerJ. 2016.0;4(4):e2589.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2589
[12] Influence of the capping of biogenic silver nanoparticles on their toxicity and mechanism of action towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping (Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2021.0).
Guilger-Casagrande, Mariana; Germano-Costa, Taís; Bilesky-José, Natália; Pasquoto-Stigliani, Tatiane; Carvalho, Lucas; Fraceto, Leonardo F.; De Lima, Renata. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021.0;19(1)(19(1)):53.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00797-5
[13] Efficacy of encapsulated biogenic silver nanoparticles and its disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi through oral administration in Macrobrachium rosenbergii
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2021.0).
Thanigaivel, S.; Thomas, John; Vickram, A.S.; Anbarasu, K.; Karunakaran, Rohini; Palanivelu, Jeyanthi; Srikumar, P.S. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021.0;28(12)(28(12)):7281-7289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.037
[14] Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Aloe vera and Thuja orientalis leaves extract and their biological activity: a comprehensive review
Aloe‑mediated AgNP synthesis/encapsulation ; green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 2021.0).
Burange, Prashant J.; Tawar, Mukund G.; Bairagi, Ritu A.; Malviya, Vedanshu R.; Sahu, Vanshika K.; Shewatkar, Sakshi N.; Sawarkar, Roshani A.; Mamurkar, Renuka R. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2021.0;45(1)(45(1)):181.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00639-2
[15] Silver-Based Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Their Use in Biosensing
Review of Ag-based plasmonics (LSPR fundamentals and applications); helpful as a general technical source for color/LSPR explanations.
Loiseau A; Asila V; Boitel-Aullen G; Lam M; Salmain M; Boujday S. Nanomaterials. 2019.0;9(7)(9(7)):950.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070950
[16] Active silver nanoparticles for wound healing
AgNP dressing (Acticoat Flex 3) evaluated in 3D fibroblast culture and a burn patient; dermal localization without observed cell death.
Rigo C; Ferroni L; Tocco I; et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013.0;14(3)(14(3)):4817–4840.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14034817
[17] Nanomaterials for wound healing: scope and advancement
Broad review of nanomaterials (incl. silver) in wound healing; mechanisms and product landscape for dressings/therapies.
Kalashnikova I; Das S; Seal S. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2015.0;96(96):103–116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2015.08.009
[18] Advances in Nanotechnology towards Development of Silver Nanoparticle-Based Wound-Healing Agents
Wound-healing review of AgNP-based therapies: physicochemical features enabling antimicrobial action, stages of repair, and nanoformulations/dressings; notes efficacy and safety considerations.
Nqakala ZB; Sibuyi NRS; Fadaka AO; Meyer M; Onani MO; Madiehe AM. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.0;22(20)(22(20)):11272.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011272
[19] Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera
Classic study on Aloe-derived mannose-6-phosphate showing anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects in vivo.
Davis RH; et al. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994.0;84(2)(84(2)):77–81.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8169808/
[20] Nanotechnology-Based Tools to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
AMR-focused chapter surveying nanotech strategies (incl. metallic NPs like Ag) for disrupting biofilms and enhancing therapies.
Mahajan K; Chandel R; Sharma P; Abbot V. in: Nanotechnology Based Strategies for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance (Springer). 2024.0;61–80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2023-1_3
[21] Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Comprehensive review of AgNP antibacterial mechanisms, spectrum, and factors affecting efficacy/toxicity.
Franci G; Falanga A; Galdiero S; Palomba L; Rai M; Morelli G; Galdiero M. Molecules. 2015.0;20(5)(20(5)):8856–8874.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058856
[22] Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1
Size-dependent binding of 1–10 nm AgNPs to gp120 on HIV-1; blocks virus–cell attachment/fusion at entry stage.
Elechiguerra JL; Burt JL; Morones JR; Camacho-Bragado A; Gao X; Lara HH; Yacaman MJ. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2005.0;3(3):6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-3-6
[23] Inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on H1N1 influenza A virus in vitro
Demonstrates AgNP-mediated inhibition of H1N1 in vitro (reduced viral titers/HA); suggests direct NP–virus interactions.
Xiang DX; Chen Q; Pang L; Zheng CL. Journal of Virological Methods. 2011.0;178(1–2)(178(1–2)):137–142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.003
[24] Anti-biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Reducing Activity of Phytoconstituents Present in the Indian Medicinal Plants
Phyto-synthesized AgNPs show strong anti-biofilm and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus; >99% inhibition at tested doses.
Mohanta YK; Biswas K; Jena SK; Hashem A; Abd_Allah EF; Mohanta TK. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020.0;11(11):1143.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01143
[25] Synergistic antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli
CR-GNB-synthesized AgNPs; synergy with antibiotics; antibiofilm.
Haji SH; Mahmood MA; Muhamad QA; et al. Scientific Reports. 2022.0;12(12):15254.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19698-0
[26] Nanomedicines as disruptors or inhibitors of biofilms: Opportunities in addressing antimicrobial resistance
Perspective on nano-adjuvants against biofilms (incl. Ag).
Lan J; Yang L; Zhu X; et al. Journal of Controlled Release. 2025.0;381(381):113589.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113589
[27] In vitro antimicrobial and in vivo wound healing effect of actinobacterially synthesised nanoparticles of silver, gold and their alloy
Actinobacteria-mediated Ag, Au, and Ag/Au alloy NPs; strong in vitro antibacterial activity and accelerated wound closure in a rat excision model with histology/cytokines.
Shanmugasundaram T; Radhakrishnan M; Gopikrishnan V; Kadirvelu K; Balagurunathan R. RSC Advances. 2017.0;7(7):51729–51743.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08483H
[28] Designing injectable dermal matrix hydrogel combined with silver nanoparticles for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds healing
Injectable ECM hydrogel with polyphenol-coated AgNPs; MRSA killing, biocompatibility, M2 macrophage polarization, and faster closure in infected wound models.
Chen S; Yao J; Huo S; Xu C; Yang R; Tao D; Fang B; Ma G; Zhu Z; Zhang Y; Guo J. Nano Convergence. 2024.0;11(11):41.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-024-00447-0
[29] Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping (Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2014.0).
Sengstock, Christina; Diendorf, Jörg; Epple, Matthias; Schildhauer, Thomas A; Köller, Manfred. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. 2014.0;5(5):2058-2069.
https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.214
[30] Recent Advances in Silver Nanoparticles Containing Nanofibers for Chronic Wound Management
demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (Polymers, 2022.0).
Sabarees, Govindaraj; Velmurugan, Vadivel; Tamilarasi, Ganesan Padmini; Alagarsamy, Veerachamy; Raja Solomon, Viswas. Polymers. 2022.0;14(19)(14(19)):3994.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193994
[31] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Kenaf leaves extract and their antibacterial potential in acne management
Kenaf leaf extract–mediated AgNPs; optimized synthesis; KLE-AgNPs inhibit acne-causing bacteria. Preprint (not peer reviewed).
Ong WTJ; Yeap SP; Haque J; Nyam KL. Research Square (preprint). 2023.0.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4614655/v1
[32] Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: A surface science insight
demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; discusses mechanism (ROS/membrane) (Nano Today, 2015.0).
Le Ouay, Benjamin; Stellacci, Francesco. Nano Today. 2015.0;10(3)(10(3)):339-354.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2015.04.002
[33] Nanomaterials modulate stem cell differentiation: biological interaction and underlying mechanisms
discusses mechanism (ROS/membrane) (Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2017.0); framed for aloe‑encapsulated AgNP therapeutics.
Wei, Min; Li, Song; Le, Weidong. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2017.0;15(1)(15(1)):75.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-017-0310-5
[34] Induced dedifferentiation: A possible alternative to embryonic stem cell transplants
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; discusses mechanism (ROS/membrane) (NeuroRehabilitation, 2002.0).
Becker, Robert O. NeuroRehabilitation. 2002.0;17(1)(17(1)):23-31.
https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-2002-17104
[35] Biomedical nanomaterials for immunological applications: ongoing research and clinical trials
assesses biocompatibility/toxicity ; relevance to in‑vivo/clinical context ; discusses mechanism (ROS/membrane) (Nanoscale Advances, 2020.0).
Lenders, Vincent; Koutsoumpou, Xanthippi; Sargsian, Ara; Manshian, Bella B. Nanoscale Advances. 2020.0;2(11)(2(11)):5046-5089.
https://doi.org/10.1039/d0na00478b
[36] Regeneration of Limbal Stem Cells in the Presence of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2015.0).
Gaspar Banfalvi, Melinda Turani; Kukoricza, Krisztina. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology. 2015.0;05(05)(05(05)).
https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000318
[37] Enhancement of antibiotics antimicrobial activity due to the silver nanoparticles impact on the cell membrane
In vitro synergy of AgNPs with select antibiotics (e.g., kanamycin); sub-lethal AgNPs depolarize/permeabilize membranes; broad Gram± activity.
Vazquez-Muñoz R; Meza-Villezcas A; Fournier PGJ; Soria-Castro E; Juarez-Moreno K; Gallego-Hernández AL; et al. PLOS ONE. 2019.0;14(11)(14(11)):e0224904.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224904
[38] Silver Enhances Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Antibiotic synergy; in vivo murine infections.
Morones-Ramírez JR; Winkler JA; Spina CS; Collins JJ. Science Translational Medicine. 2013.0;5 (190)(5 (190)):190ra81.
https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006276
[39] Silver Nanoparticles at Biocompatible Dosage Synergistically Increases Bacterial Susceptibility to Antibiotics
11 antibiotics × 3 species; strong in vitro synergy at 1 ?g/mL AgNPs.
Ipe DS; Kumar PS; Love RM; Hamlet SM. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020.0;11(11):1074.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01074
[40] Advances in silver nanoparticles: a comprehensive review on their potential as antimicrobial agents and their mechanisms of action elucidated by proteomics
Recent review emphasizing proteomic insights; activity vs planktonic and biofilm bacteria; synergy with antibiotics and MDR relevance.
Rodrigues AS; Batista JGS; Rodrigues MÁV; Thipe VC; Minarini LAR; Lopes PS; Lugão AB. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024.0;15(15):1440065.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1440065
[41] Medical Uses of Silver: History, Myths, and Scientific Evidence
Evidence-based overview of silver in medicine (history to modern uses); chemistry/coordination, antimicrobial scope, safety considerations.
Medici S; Peana M; Nurchi VM; Zoroddu MA. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2019.0;62(13)(62(13)):5923–5943.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01439
[42] Shape- and Size-Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Plant Extract and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Aloe-mediated synthesis yielding distinct AgNP shapes/sizes; demonstrates antibacterial activity vs Gram±; relevant to aloe-encapsulation theme.
Logaranjan K; Raiza AJ; Gopinath SCB; Chen Y; Pandian K. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2016.0;11(1)(11(1)):520.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1725-x
[43] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves: anticancer, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic properties
Aloe-mediated AgNPs; physicochemical characterization; demonstrates antimicrobial, antioxidative, photocatalytic properties; aligns with plant-based encapsulation theme.
Ghatage MM; et al. Applied Surface Science Advances. 2023.0;16(16):100426.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100426
[44] Ångstrom-scale silver particle–embedded carbomer gel promotes wound healing by inhibiting bacterial colonization and inflammation
In vivo evidence: ultra-small (Å-scale) Ag particles in carbomer gel improve wound healing via antibacterial and anti-inflammatory actions.
Chen C-Y; et al. Science Advances. 2020.0;6(43)(6(43)):eaba0942.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0942
[45] Comparative Analysis of Commercial Colloidal Silver Products
Characterizes 14 commercial products; most colorless products lacked LSPR and contained ionic silver only; color/LSPR correlates with nanoparticle presence.
Kumar A; Goia DV. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2020.0;15(15):10425–10434.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S287730
[46] Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight
assesses biocompatibility/toxicity ; focus on colloidal stability (zeta) ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022.0).
Javed, Rabia; Sajjad, Anila; Naz, Sania; Sajjad, Humna; Ao, Qiang. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.0;23(18)(23(18)):10521.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810521
[47] Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds for Food and Agricultural Applications
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping ; discusses mechanism (ROS/membrane) (Polymers, 2022.0).
Zabot, Giovani Leone; Schaefer Rodrigues, Fabiele; Polano Ody, Lissara; Vinícius Tres, Marcus; Herrera, Esteban; Palacin, Heidy; Córdova-Ramos, Javier S.; Best, Ivan; Olivera-Montenegro, Luis. Polymers. 2022.0;14(19)(14(19)):4194.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194194
[48] Role of capping agents in the application of nanoparticles in biomedicine and environmental remediation: recent trends and future prospects
Explains how capping stabilizes nanoparticles, improves biocompatibility, and mitigates toxicity—context for biogenic/capped AgNPs.
Javed R; Zia M; Naz S; Aisida SO; Noor ul Ain N; Ao Q. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2020.0;18(18):172.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00704-4
[49] Differently environment stable bio-silver nanoparticles: study on their optical properties and SERS activity
Green-synthesized AgNPs with stability across electrolytes/pH/BSA; SERS activity and E. coli bactericidal effects.
Balachandran YL; Girija S; Selvakumar R; Tongpim S; Gutleb AC; Suriyanarayanan S. PLOS ONE. 2013.0;8(10)(8(10)):e77043.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077043
[50] Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Aloe barbadensis Miller Leaf Extract
Aloe‑mediated AgNP synthesis/encapsulation ; green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 2020.0).
Begum, Qudsia; Kalam, Mehwish; Kamal, Mustafa; Mahboob, Tabassum. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology. 2020.0;18(2)(18(2)).
https://doi.org/10.30498/ijb.2020.145075.2383
[51] Health Impact of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity Following Various Routes of Exposure
Safety/toxicology review: biodistribution and in vitro/in vivo toxicity; notes dose/size/coating dependencies and knowledge gaps.
Ferdous Z; Nemmar A. Journal of Saudi Pharmaceutical Society. 2020.0;28(10)(28(10)):1276–1292.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.002
[52] Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome
Mouse study: 28-day oral exposure to AgNPs of varying size/coatings; minimal impact on gut microbiome composition at tested conditions.
Wilding LA; Bassis CM; Walacavage K; Hashway S; Leroueil PR; Morishita M; Maynard AD; Philbert MA; Bergin IL. Nanotoxicology. 2016.0;10(5)(10(5)):513–520.
https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1078854
[53] Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Application: Progress and Future Trends
State-of-the-art review on AgNPs in wound care: antimicrobial/anti-biofilm mechanisms, interactions with keratinocytes/fibroblasts, and translation challenges (dosage, cytotoxicity).
Paladini F; Pollini M. Materials. 2019.0;12(16)(12(16)):2540.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162540
[54] Mechanism of silver sulfadiazine action on burn wound infections
Classic paper on SSD; silver component drives antibacterial action; foundational for topical silver use context.
Fox CL Jr; Modak SM. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1974.0;5(6)(5(6)):582–588.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.5.6.582
[55] Silver Nanomaterials for Wound Dressing Applications
overview of AgNP synthesis/characterization ; therapeutic relevance (Pharmaceutics, 2020.0).
Krishnan PD; Banas D; Durai RD; et al. Pharmaceutics. 2020.0;12(9)(12(9)):821.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090821
[56] Silver Nanoparticles in Water Purification: Opportunities and Challenges
Book chapter summarizing AgNP use in water treatment, efficacy and challenges; useful for environmental/water claims.
Gadkari RR; Ali SW; Alagirusamy R; Das A. Modern Age Environmental Problems and Their Remediation (Springer, Cham). 2017.0;229–237.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64501-8_13
[57] Therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles and routes of administration: an update on preclinical and clinical evidence
Broad overview of administration routes (topical, oral, IV, etc.) and efficacy of nano-therapeutics; includes preclinical/clinical snapshots.
Chenthamara D; Subramaniam S; Ramakrishnan SG; Krishnaswamy S; Essa MM; Lin F-H; Qoronfleh MW. Biomaterials Research. 2019.0;23(23):20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-019-0166-x
[58] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature
Large review of plant-extract (phyto) AgNP synthesis and antimicrobial applications since ~2015; methods, characterization, and activity overview.
Vanlalveni C; Lallianrawna S; Biswas A; Selvaraj M; Changmai B; Rokhum SL. RSC Advances. 2021.0;11(11):2804–2837.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09941D
[59] Green synthesis and antibacterial effects of aqueous colloidal silver nanoparticles using chamomile terpenoids as combined reducing and capping agents
Chamomile-terpenoid route yields AgNPs; demonstrates antibacterial activity; highlights capping/reduction by plant terpenoids.
Köhler T; Louzri A; Krieg S; et al. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 2016.0;39(11)(39(11)):1701–1712.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1599-4
[60] Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous aloe leaf extract and antibacterial properties
Aloe‑mediated AgNP synthesis/encapsulation ; green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2013.0).
Zhang Y; Cheng X; Zhang Y; Xue X; Fu Y. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2013.0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.059
[61] Bionanofactories for Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Toward Antimicrobial Applications
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021.0).
Jain, Ashvi Sanjay; Pawar, Pranita Subhash; Sarkar, Aira; Junnuthula, Vijayabhaskarreddy; Dyawanapelly, Sathish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.0;22(21)(22(21)):11993.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111993
[62] Broad-spectrum bioactivities of silver nanoparticles: emerging trends and future prospects
Integrative review of AgNPs’ antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer activities; mechanisms (ion release/ROS) and prospects for resistance mitigation.
Rai M; Kon K; Ingle A; Duran N; Galdiero S; Gade A. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2014.0;98(5)(98(5)):1951–1961.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5473-x
[63] Optimization of the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract via Box–Behnken design
Aloe vera–mediated AgNP green synthesis optimized by response-surface (Box–Behnken); includes antimicrobial evaluation.
Gök?en N; Kaplan Ö. Sakarya University Journal of Science. 2021.0;25(3)(25(3)):774–787.
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.806916
[64] Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera leaves and its antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities
Phyto-AgNPs from Moringa; antimicrobial breadth and basic cytotoxicity; DOI resolves on Hindawi; journal not specified in source doc.
Not stated in source doc (Hindawi article 4136641). Hindawi (journal unspecified in source doc). 2022.0;Article ID 4136641.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4136641
[65] Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extracts of <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> and <i>Solanum nigrum</i> and Study of Its Antibacterial Effect against Common Nosocomial Pathogens
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping (Journal of Nanoscience, 2015.0).
Krithiga, Narayanaswamy; Rajalakshmi, Athimoolam; Jayachitra, Ayyavoo. Journal of Nanoscience. 2015.0;2015(2015):1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/928204
[66] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with algae and the importance of capping agents in the process
Algal routes for AgNPs; emphasizes role of capping in stability and activity.
Chugh D; Viswamalya V; Das B. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2021.0;19(19):126.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00228-w
[67] Biosynthesis of turmeric silver nanoparticles: characterization and antimicrobial potential against oral pathogens (in vitro)
Turmeric-mediated AgNPs; in-vitro antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens; dental/oral medicine context.
Sharma A; et al. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2022.0;10(2)(10(2)):57.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_309_22
[68] Green nanotechnology: a review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles — an ecofriendly approach
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2019.0).
Ahmad, Shabir; Munir, Sidra; Zeb, Nadia; Ullah, Asad; Khan, Behramand; Ali, Javed; Bilal, Muhammad; Omer, Muhammad; Alamzeb, Muhammad; Salman, Syed Muhammad; Ali, Saqib. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2019.0;Volume 14(Volume 14):5087-5107.
https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s200254
[69] Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine
demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019.0).
Lee, Sang Hun; Jun, Bong-Hyun. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019.0;20(4)(20(4)):865.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040865
[70] Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Therapeutic Approaches
Extensive review of AgNP synthesis routes and characterization with therapeutic applications; summarizes toxicity/biocompatibility factors influencing medical use.
Zhang X-F; Liu Z-G; Shen W; Gurunathan S. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016.0;17(9)(17(9)):1534.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091534
[71] The Impact of Engineered Silver Nanomaterials on the Immune System
Review of immunomodulatory effects of silver nanomaterials across innate/adaptive arms; discusses design factors (size/shape/coatings) and silver-coated implants.
Ninan N; Goswami N; Vasilev K. Nanomaterials. 2020.0;10(5)(10(5)):967.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967
[72] Domain morphology, boundaries, and topological defects in butterfly wing photonic crystals revealed by X-ray coherent diffractive imaging
Advanced imaging of hierarchical photonic structures; useful exemplar of nanoscale domain morphology/defects relevant to optical properties.
Singer A; et al. Science Advances. 2016.0;2(6)(2(6)):e1600149.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600149
[73] Peeling in biological and bioinspired adhesive systems
Review on adhesive mechanisms and peeling in biological/bioinspired systems; useful background for adhesion/gel discussions.
Skopic BH; Schniepp HC. JOM. 2020.0;72(72):124–140.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04037-3
[74] Recent advances of bioinspired functional materials with specific wettability: from nature and beyond nature
Review of bioinspired surfaces (superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic, Janus, etc.); context for surface–liquid interactions and coatings.
Sun Y; et al. Nanoscale Horizons. 2019.0;4(4):52–76.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NH00223A
[75] Structural parameters of nanoparticles affecting their toxicity for biomedical applications: a review
Toxicology review across size, shape, charge, surface chemistry; translates parameters to biomedical safety considerations.
Abbasi R; et al. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2023.0;25(25):43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05690-w
[76] Plant extract preparation and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Swertia chirata: Characterization and antimicrobial activity against selected human pathogens
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (Heliyon, 2024.0).
Shereen, Muhammad Adnan; Ahmad, Aftab; Khan, Hashir; Satti, Sadia Mehmood; Kazmi, Abeer; Bashir, Nadia; Shehroz, Muhammad; Hussain, Shahid; Ilyas, Muhammad; Khan, M. Ijaz; Niyazi, Hatoon A.; Zouidi, Ferjeni. Heliyon. 2024.0;10(6)(10(6)):e28038.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28038
[77] Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists
Accessible primer on NP classes, key properties, and common characterization methods; good cross-reference across your science section.
Joudeh N; Linke D. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2022.0;20(20):262.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8
[78] Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems
Explains how size/PDI affect pharmacokinetics, stability, and efficacy; transferrable concepts for AgNP formulation quality.
Danaei M; et al. Pharmaceutics. 2018.0;10(2)(10(2)):57.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057
[79] Current analytical approaches for characterizing nanoparticle sizes in pharmaceutical research
Survey of sizing methods (DLS, NTA, TEM, AFM, etc.) with strengths/limits; ties directly to QA/characterization messaging.
Chaturvedi S; Maheshwari D; Chawathe A; Sharma N. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2024.0;26(26):19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05924-x
[80] High conversion synthesis of <10 nm starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles using microwave technology
demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; emphasizes encapsulation/capping (Scientific Reports, 2018.0).
Kumar, Shishir V.; Bafana, Adarsh P.; Pawar, Prasad; Rahman, Ashiqur; Dahoumane, Si Amar; Jeffryes, Clayton S. Scientific Reports. 2018.0;8(1)(8(1)):5106.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23480-6
[81] Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and wound-healing efficacy of silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Neem-derived AgNPs; shows antibacterial activity and wound-healing efficacy; Frontiers open-access article.
Chinnasamy G; et al. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021.0;12(12):611560.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.611560
[82] Silver nanoparticles in therapeutics and beyond: a review of biomedical applications and toxicology
Recent comprehensive review on AgNP biomedical uses (antimicrobial, wound, anticancer, imaging) and toxicity considerations.
Eker F; Singh P; et al. Nanomaterials. 2024.0;14(20)(14(20)):1618.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14201618
[83] Silver nanoparticles with different size and shape: equal cytotoxicity, but different antibacterial effects
Experimental comparison across size/shape: antibacterial efficacy varies by morphology; cytotoxicity comparable under conditions tested.
Helmlinger J; Sengstock C; Groß-Heitfeld C; Mayer C; Schildhauer TA; Köller M; Epple M. RSC Advances. 2016.0;6(6):18490–18501.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA27836H
[84] Nanocatalysis: recent progress, mechanistic insights, and diverse applications
Broad nanocatalysis review; mechanisms and applications; supportive context for surface chemistry/ROS and catalytic aspects.
Modi A; et al. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2024.0;26(26):148.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-024-06053-9
[85] Electrochemical Determination of Nanoparticle Size: Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study for Matrixless Silver Nanoparticles
Links zeta potential, conductivity and diffusion to AgNP size; chronoamperometry + TEM/DLS validation.
Adamowska M; Kotas A; Balej R; Doma?ska K; Jackowska K. Molecules. 2022.0;27(8)(27(8)):2592.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082592
[86] Role of stabilizing agents in the formation of stable silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution: Characterization and stability study
focus on colloidal stability (zeta) (Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2017.0).
Patel, Krutagn; Bharatiya, Bhavesh; Mukherjee, Tulsi; Soni, Tejal; Shukla, Atindra; Suhagia, B. N. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2017.0;38(5)(38(5)):626-631.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2016.1185374
[87] Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their characteristic properties and therapeutic applications
Placeholder: 74 appears missing/ellipsized in your rich ref doc. I did not invent a substitute—flagging as missing for your review.
Chung I-M; Park I; Seung-Hyun K; Thiruvengadam M; Rajakumar G. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2016.0;11(11):40.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1257-4
[88] Plant-Based Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application
Book chapter: plant-mediated (green) synthesis of AgNPs and applications; methods/characterization overview.
Mishra VK; et al. Nanomaterials and Plant Potential (Springer). 2019.0;135–175.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05569-1_5
[89] Effect of voltage and anodizing time on nano colloidal silver
focus on colloidal stability (zeta) (Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021.0); framed for aloe‑encapsulated AgNP therapeutics.
Ravendran, N; Chou, P M. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021.0;2120(1)(2120(1)):12018.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2120/1/012018
[90] Plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterization
Book chapter covering phytochemical routes, reaction parameters, and characterization of AgNPs.
Husen A; Siddiqi KS. Nanotechnology and Plant Sciences (Springer). 2015.0;47–76.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14502-0_13
[91] Colorimetric Detection Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
Explains LSPR monitoring and colorimetry; useful for in-process optical control of AgNP formation.
Alzahrani E. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2020.0;2020(2020):6026312.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6026312
[92] Localize surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles using Mie theory.
Spherical AgNPs exhibit LSPR peaks in ~380–460 nm; ~30–40 nm AgNPs peak ?400 nm and give a distinctive yellow color. LSPR peak position/shape shift with size and environment (useful indicators of dispersion/aggregation).
Alzoubi FY; Ahmad AA; Aljarrah I; Migdadi AB; Al-Bataineh QM. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (2023). 2023.0;34(34):2128.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11304-x
[93] Electrochemistry as a Complementary Technique for Revealing the Influence of Reducing Agent Concentration on AgNPs
overview of AgNP synthesis/characterization ; therapeutic relevance (ACS Omega, 2022.0); framed for aloe‑encapsulated AgNP therapeutics.
Timakwe, Sapokazi; Silwana, Bongiwe; Matoetoe, Mangaka C. ACS Omega. 2022.0;7(6)(7(6)):4921-4931.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c05374
[94] Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, structure, properties and applications
Recent review on AgNP synthesis routes, structure/property relationships, and diverse applications.
Abbas R; Luo J; Qi X; Naz A; Khan IA; Liu H; Yu S; Wei J. Nanomaterials. 2024.0;14(17)(14(17)):1425.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171425
[95] Tangential Flow Filtration of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles: A “Green” Laboratory Experiment for Chemistry and Engineering Students
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity ; focus on colloidal stability (zeta) (Journal of Chemical Education, 2014.0).
Dorney, Kevin M.; Baker, Joshua D.; Edwards, Michelle L.; Kanel, Sushil R.; O’Malley, Matthew; Pavel Sizemore, Ioana E. Journal of Chemical Education. 2014.0;91(7)(91(7)):1044-1049.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ed400686u
[96] Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles in solutions of rhamnolipid
Green surfactant (rhamnolipid) enables stabilization and size control; biocompatible electrolyte.
Kuntyi O; Mazur A; Kytsya A; Karpenko O; Bazylyak L; et al. Micro & Nano Letters. 2020.0;15(12)(15(12)):802–807.
https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2020.0195
[97] Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Foundational electrochemical AgNP synthesis; particle size tunable by current density; UV–Vis LSPR correlates with size.
Rodríguez-Sánchez L; Blanco MC; López-Quintela MA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2000.0;104(41)(104(41)):9683–9688.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp001761r
[98] Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Simple aqueous electrochemical route for AgNPs; discusses role of potential/current and stabilization.
Starowicz M; Stypu?a B; Bana? J. Electrochemistry Communications. 2006.0;8(2)(8(2)):227–230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2005.11.018
[99] Assessment of pillar-array electrodes for electrochemical flow reactors using a novel hydrodynamic electrode performance factor
Defines HEPF; quantifies flow, mass-transfer and geometry effects relevant to large-plate/flow designs.
De Rop L; García-Molla V; Shearing PR; Hinds G; Paulitsch-Fuchs A; Brandon NP. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024.0;500(500):156632.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156632
[100] Pulse Reverse Protocol for Efficient Suppression of Dendritic Micro-Structures in Rechargeable Batteries
Models pulse-reverse waveforms that blunt dendrites; generalizable electrochemical insights.
Aryanfar A; Hoffmann MR; Goddard WA III. Electrochimica Acta. 2021.0;367(367):137469.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137469
[101] How does periodic polarity reversal affect the faradaic efficiency and electrode fouling during iron electrocoagulation?
PR improves faradaic efficiency and mitigates fouling; transferable logic for passivation control.
Chow CWK; Wang S; Zhou C; Drikas M; van Leeuwen J; et al. Water Research. 2021.0;203(203):117497.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117497
[102] Effect of pulse-current-based protocols on the lithium dendrite formation and evolution in all-solid-state batteries
MHz pulse-current protocols prevent dendrite propagation; mechanistic insights into pulse timing/relaxation.
Reisecker V; Flatscher F; Porz L; Fincher C; Todt J; et al. Nature Communications. 2023.0;14(1)(14(1)):2432.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37476-y
[103] Suppression of Dendrite Formation via Pulse Charging in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries
Simulation + theory showing pulse charging suppresses dendrites via mass-transport modulation.
Mayers MZ; Kaminski JW; Miller TF III. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2012.0;116(116):26214–26221.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp309321w
[104] Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: A Review
Broad review of electrochemical routes (sacrificial anode, polarity reversal, sonoelectrochemistry); operating-parameter effects.
Kuntyi O; Bazylyak L; Kytsya A; Zozulya G; Shepida M. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 2024.0;14(4)(14(4)):Article 144.083.
https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC144.083
[105] Synthesis methods for nanoparticle morphology control in energy applications
Book chapter on controlling NP shape/size via synthesis routes; helpful methodological backdrop for morphology control.
Smith JA; et al. Nanotechnology in Energy Applications (Springer). 2021.0;45–67.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92559-8_3
[106] Localized surface plasmon resonance of silver nanotriangles synthesized by a versatile solution reaction
Ag nanotriangles with strong LSPR response; supports color/LSPR and shape–optics links relevant to AgNPs.
Wu C; Zhou X; Wei J. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2015.0;10(10):354.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1058-1
[107] Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera leaf extract and antifungal activity against Rhizopus and Aspergillus species
Aloe-mediated AgNPs; characterized and tested for antifungal efficacy vs Rhizopus/Aspergillus.
Medda S; Hajra A; Dey U; Bose P; Mondal N. Applied Nanoscience. 2015.0;5(8)(5(8)):875–880.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0387-1
[108] Shape matters: impact of mesoporous silica nanoparticle morphology on anti-tumor therapy
Demonstrates how nanoparticle morphology influences therapeutic outcomes; transferable principle for shape-dependent efficacy.
Zhang X; Fang W; et al. Pharmaceutics. 2024.0;16(5)(16(5)):632.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050632
[109] Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with Serum Proteins Affects Their Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo
Protein corona reduces in vivo efficacy; dosing/formulation consideration.
Gnanadhas DP; Thomas MB; Thomas R; et al. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013.0;57 (10)(57 (10)):4945–4955.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00152-13
[110] Green synthesized silver nanoparticles: Optimization, characterization, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity study by hemolysis assay
green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy ; assesses biocompatibility/toxicity (Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022.0).
Liaqat N; Maqbool I; Ashraf A; et al. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2022.0.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.952006
[111] Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity
Aloe‑mediated AgNP synthesis/encapsulation ; green, plant‑based reduction & capping ; demonstrates antibacterial efficacy (Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021.0).
Anju TR; Parvathy S; Veettil MV; et al. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021.0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.665
[112] Effectiveness of silver and iodine dressings in treating diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta‑analysis
Use as modern anchor for healing rate comparisons; replaces older heterogeneous RCTs.
Jiang Y.; et al. BMJ Open. 2024.0;14(14):e077902.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077902
[113] Aloe vera leaf extract as a sustainable route for silver nanoparticle synthesis with enhanced antimicrobial activity
Primary anchor for Aloe-encapsulated synthesis claims.
Liknaw T.; et al. Scientific Reports. 2025.0;15(15):22481.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05070-5
[114] Aloe vera assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: structural characterization, electrochemical behaviour, and antimicrobial efficiency
Secondary Aloe anchor; quick, single-step, eco-friendly route.
Kumar D.; et al. Discover Applied Sciences. 2025.0;7(7):530.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-07056-4
[115] Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles stabilized with C‑phycocyanin against drug‑resistant P. aeruginosa and S. aureus
Use to anchor anti‑biofilm, MDR activity.
Chegini Z.; et al. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2024.0;12(12):1455385.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1455385
[116] Cytotoxicity and concentration of silver ions released from dressings in the treatment of infected wounds: a systematic review
Balanced safety anchor; highlights heterogeneity and lack of standardized methods.
Sánchez‑Gálvez J.; et al. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024.0;12(12):1331753.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331753
This page presents an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research on aloe-encapsulated colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@AV) and their potential mechanisms and applications. The information is intended for educational purposes to highlight emerging nanotechnology advancements. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. We encourage readers to consult qualified healthcare providers for personalized guidance, as individual health outcomes can vary. The studies referenced demonstrate promising results, but ongoing research continues to refine our understanding.
